Stocks Surge on Geithner Pick

U.S. stocks surged Friday after word leaked that President-Elect Barack Obama plans to nominate New York Federal Reserve President Timothy J. Geithner as his nominee for U.S. Treasury Secretary.

There were other news items affecting the market Friday, including more fretting about the fates of Citigroup (C) and the U.S. auto industry. But major market indexes remained flat until reports of the Geithner pick arrived, sparking a rebound from Thursday's plunge to an 11-year low.

On Friday, the Dow Jones industrial average jumped 494.13 points, or 6.54%, to 8,046.42. The broad S&P 500 index gained 47.59 points, or 6.32%, to 800.03. And, the tech-heavy Nasdaq composite rose 68.23 points, or 5.18%, at 1,384.35.

On Thursday, by contrast, the Dow had plunged 444.99 points, and the S&P 500 closed at 752.44 -- its lowest level since April 1997. Friday's rally brings the S&P 500 back above its October 2002 lows.

Several market observers said Friday's reaction to the Geithner pick demonstrates a thirst for stronger leadership from Washington.

"There is a void of market confidence," says Bill Larkin, fixed income portfolio manager at Cabot Money Management.

In recent days, as stocks tumbled to levels not seen since the 1990s, many market commentators partly blamed confusing signals coming from Washington. Congress spent the week arguing but failing to agree on a bailout plan for General Motors (GM), Ford (F) and Chrysler. And, current Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson was criticized for shifts in the financial bailout plan.

Stocks rallied on the Geithner pick because "he's the right man at the right time," says Peter Cardillo, chief market economist at Avalon Partners. As president of the New York Fed, Geithner was involved in Paulson's efforts to prop up the financial system, but there's hope he can also improve on the current administration's efforts. Geithner also served as a Treasury undersecretary during the Clinton administration and helped respond to the Asian economic crisis in 1997.

"He has a lot of experience and certainly he knows the canyons of the financial markets," Cardillo says.

"I expect [Geithner] will treat the current situation with the urgency that it deserves," says Ward McCarthy, principal at Stone & McCarthy Research Associates. "I also expect him to be far more creative than Treasury Secretary Paulson."

Financial markets may be reassured Obama didn't choose a fresh newcomer who wouldn't understand the players in the crisis and couldn't hit the ground running, Larkin says. The pick "had to be someone who is currently in the system."

It's expected that Obama will name several key members of his economic team next week. Reports Friday said New Mexico Gov. Bill Richardson is Obama’s pick for commerce secretary.
Trading in stocks was active Friday, a day that November stock options expired. Bonds prices and the dollar index fell Friday, while gold and crude oil futures moved higher.

Also in the headlines, Congress headed home for Thanksgiving, leaving U.S. automakers still struggling for California loans to keep going. General Motors (GM) Friday extended its holiday shutdown and said it would make more production cuts.

Shares of Citigroup (C) fell almost 20% Friday, following Thursday's drop of 26%, its worst one-day percentage decline ever. Initially Citi stock was buoyed Friday by a Wall Street Journal report that Citi was weighing the possibility of auctioning off pieces of the financial giant or even selling the company outright. But chief executive Vikrum Pandit said on Friday he does not want to sell Citi's Smith Barney brokerage unit or break up the troubled bank, based on several news organizations' accounts of a Friday morning conference call with Pandit's staff.

Though the Geithner pick lifted the market's mood, investors have been continually reminded of the weak state of the economy both in the U.S. and globally.

On Friday, European stock markets fell, with major indexes in London, Frankfurt and Paris down 2% or more. Asian markets finished mixed, with Tokyo stocks rising 2.70% and Hong Kong gaining 2.93%, but Shanghai falling 0.72%.

In a speech Friday, a Fed official warned the U.S. economy could stay weak for quite a while. "We likely are in for a protracted period of poor economic performance," Charles Evans, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, said.

On Friday, President Bush signed into law an extension of jobless benefits. Earlier in the year, Bush expressed doubts about further benefit extensions, but he came to support the legislation as new figures showed new claims for jobless aid had reached a 16-year high. In what could be its last vote of the year, the Senate approved a measure Thursday that would provide up to three months of extra benefits for those whose unemployment benefits have run out or are about to expire. The House passed the bill in October.

There were no significant economic reports released Friday.

In other U.S. markets Friday, the 10-year Treasury note slipped 1-20/32 to 104-22/32 for a yield of 3.2%, while the 30-year Treasury bond dropped 4-06/32 to 114-12/32 for a yield of 3.69%.

December West Texas Intermediate crude oil futures hovered around the $50-per-barrel mark on Friday, ending up 96 cents at $50.38 per barrel.

December gold futures rose almost 7% to 800.50 per ounce.

What Five Key Stock Market Signals Are Telling Us Now

As U.S. stocks hit new 11-year lows on Nov. 20, many investors say they just don't know what's ahead.

There's a general lack of clarity on a wide range of issues—the state of the U.S. and global economies, problems in the credit markets, the plans of the federal government, and the fate of hedge funds that are being forced to sell off assets. Unfortunately, much of the fog of the financial crisis will not be cleared up anytime soon.

However, there are several key signals that traders, strategists, and fund managers typically watch closely in times of uncertainty. Given the unprecedented environment, it's not clear if any will be a reliable guide this time, but these signals do give investors something to monitor for clues to the road ahead.

Here's a review of five of those signals and what they're saying now:
1. Technical Signals

Technical strategists analyze and predict market activity based on previous market moves. This week, the stock market failed a key test: The broad Standard & Poor's 500-stock index not only fell below its October 2008 lows, but the big-cap benchmark also blasted below its lows during the nasty bear market of 2002.

On the morning of Nov. 20, the S&P 500 briefly tested these 2002 lows in the morning but then rebounded. But late in the day, stocks sank and the S&P 500 closed at 752.44. That's below the index's October 2002 low of 768.63 and the lowest level for the index since April 1997.

The 2002 lows are "a major support level," says Dave Rovelli, equity trader at Canaccord Adams.

Richard Sparks of Schaeffer's Investment Research says "you could see a cascade of selling" if stocks stay way below those prior lows. Before stocks fell to this level, people could "feel comfortable that that is a basement that the market might not go below."
2. Reports from Washington

Michael Yoshikami of YCMNET Advisors criticizes "a general lack of clarity from the Administration [and] federal agencies on what's happening and what the path out is."

On Nov. 20, Democratic congressional leaders said they would delay a vote on a bill to help the U.S. auto industry—efforts some Republicans have opposed—until December. U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson has raised eyebrows by changing the focus of the financial package a few times. Bush Administration officials are on their way out of office, but President-elect Barack Obama hasn't yet chosen his economic team, whose members would have no real power until Jan. 20 even if they were in place.

This flow of news from Washington is rattling investors, many market watchers say. "No one really has a good idea what the plan really is," says Bruce Bittles, chief investment strategist at R.W. Baird.

Chad Deakins, portfolio manager at RidgeWorth International Equity Fund (SCIIX), says he doesn't expect any clear signals from Washington until Obama takes office. "Until the new Administration comes to the White House and sets a tone and direction, it's hard to see strong upside in the equity markets," Deakins says.

Car Loan in Florida

Credit Markets: Finding the Weakest Links

Jacinto Torres, an associate director of S&P Rating Services, contributed to this report.

Who are the "weakest links" in the global debt market? At Standard & Poor's Ratings Services, we use the term to describe those companies, governments, or other debt-issuing entities rated B- or lower, with either a negative outlook from S&P or with ratings on CreditWatch with negative implications, and therefore most vulnerable to default. S&P updates this list monthly.

Negative outlooks and CreditWatch listings serve as good leading indicators of actual downgrades. The proportion of defaulters from the portfolios of the weakest links in the U.S. going back to 1999 in any one- or three-year period is higher than the proportion of defaulters from the entire pool of speculative-grade (issues rated below BBB-). The one-year default rate for weakest links, on average, was 6.6 times higher than for all issuers with speculative-grade ratings since 1999, and was 11 times higher at the end of 2007, when the U.S. speculative-grade default rate was at a 25-year low.

Global weakest links continue to increase sharply, as eroding credit quality leads to lower ratings and more entities with negative outlook or CreditWatch. As of Oct. 15 global weakest links increased for the eighth consecutive month, to 181 (see the full list), with combined rated debt worth over $388 billion.
Recession Is to Blame

The continued increase in weakest links is not surprising given the volatility in the credit markets and the unfolding recessionary conditions in the U.S. In the 2001 recession the sharp rise in defaults accompanied the rise in weakest links. In 2008, 54 of the 61 publicly rated companies that have defaulted through Oct. 15 were weakest links.

Since our September 2008 report, nine entities were removed from the list and 28 were added, for a net addition of 19 issuers. The final issuer added to the list was Uno Restaurant Holdings, which was upgraded to CCC from D following its decision to pay its Aug. 15 interest payment before the 30-day cure period expired.

Of the 28 additions to this month's list, 17 were from the U.S., seven from emerging markets, three from Europe, and one from Canada. The media and entertainment sector had the biggest increase in weakest links, with seven entities, followed by forest products and building materials with three.

The sector breakout of weakest links has consistently identified the media and entertainment, consumer products, forest products and building materials, and retail/restaurants sectors as most vulnerable to default. The media and entertainment sector showed the highest vulnerability to default, with 40 weakest links, constituting 22% of the total number of weakest links. This is followed by consumer products with 19 weakest links, and forest products and building materials and retail and restaurants sectors with 18 weakest links each. Entities in these sectors are particularly vulnerable to cyclical trends in the macroeconomic environment. Moreover, increased domestic and global competition has pressured these companies to adopt more aggressive financial policies, leading to some of the highest volumes of leveraged activity in the past several years.

Geographically, U.S.-based issuers (including those in tax havens such as Bermuda and the Cayman Islands) are featured disproportionately on the weakest links list, accounting for 77.3%. This preponderance is partially attributed to the higher ratings penetration in the U.S. marketplace (see table 5). By volume, the 140 U.S.-based weakest links account for $346.30 billion of debt, or almost 90% of the total $388.52 billion of debt issued by all weakest links. Much of the dollar amount of the U.S. portion of the debt is attributable to giant automakers Ford Motor (F) and General Motors (GM), both of which are rated B-, with ratings on CreditWatch with negative implications.

How Obama Is Spending $150 Million

When college football fans watch the big Penn State vs. Ohio State game on Saturday, Oct. 25, there will be more going on than smash-mouth football. There will be smash-mouth politics, at least during the advertising breaks. It's the best chance before the Nov. 4 election for Presidential candidates John McCain and Barack Obama to reach male voters, especially white male voters in two of the remaining swing states, Pennsylvania and Ohio.

Senator Obama (D-Ill.), who raised $150 million in the month of September and may do nearly as well in October, will dominate the game's broadcast in Pennsylvania, according to Paul Roda, national sales manager of Harrisburg (Pa.) ABC affiliate WHTM. "There will be a lot of Obama, and more politics than any other single category, I believe," says Roda. It's the same story for the ABC affiliates in Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio, where the two candidates are battling for every vote.

Obama has a huge financial and tactical advantage in the final two weeks of the campaign. Senator McCain (R-Ariz.), who is participating in the public financing system for Presidential elections, has been limited to spending a total of $84 million in the two months before the vote. But Obama bypassed the public financing program and has continued to raise private donations.

The huge Obama cash kitty will give his campaign more maneuvering room in the complex dance that determines who can buy TV ads, when, and where.
"Fire Hose" of Funds

Not only can Obama afford to fund a more sweeping ground operation in key states such as Ohio, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Indiana, and Florida, but he can well afford to pay the premiums that TV stations are charging as politicians compete against retailers, car dealers, and wireless phone companies that traditionally load up their ad buys in the last week of the month to bolster their end-of-the-month sales results.

Additionally, Obama can afford to buy both national and local ad slots, whereas McCain and the Republican National Committee have dropped national broadcast and cable buys to focus their more limited resources on targeted local buys in key swing states and congressional districts. An Obama campaign adviser, who asked not to be named, said: "It feels like we have a fire hose and they have a garden hose."

On Monday, McCain campaign manager Rick Davis predicted that by Election Day the McCain campaign and the RNC will have spent nearly $400 million for the two-month fall campaign, according to the Associated Press. He downplayed the impact of money on the advantage Obama currently enjoys in polls: "The lack of money in Wall Street has had more to do with the outcome of this last month politically than the money in Barack Obama's bank account."
Competing for Ad Slots

The World Series, whose first game was on Wednesday night, is tailor-made for the two campaigns. And the Fox affiliates in both the Tampa Bay area and Philadelphia, nestled in two of the last true battleground states, hope the Series between the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and Philadelphia Phillies goes to seven games. A Fox official would only say that the network and local affiliates were in heavy discussions with both campaigns about ad time. Ad availability for the first two games in St. Petersburg is sold out, with both campaigns having made significant buys.

Stations like Harrisburg's WHTM and Tampa's WTVT charge a 25% to 50% premium for an ad that cannot be preempted by another advertiser paying more for the time. Obama's campaign has stocked up on such buys during the next two weeks. Most of McCain's buys are for a tier below that, which means campaign officials get notified if another advertiser is trying to buy the same time slot, and can spend more to hold the spot.

"Obama has such a huge cash advantage that he is forcing McCain to either buy the top-priced ad inventory that locks in the buy, or pay up because Obama's campaign can challenge every ad buy McCain makes in swing states.… Either way it means McCain can afford fewer ads even if they can get the slots," says Felix Dumbarton, an independent media consultant.
Two-Front Ad War

Both campaigns make their ad buys week by week. That's because they couldn't know back in August which states would be the most hotly contested. Of course, campaign officials assumed Ohio and Pennsylvania would be key states. But the same wasn't true of states such as Florida, which has only become competitive for Obama in the last few weeks. That has allowed the Democratic nominee to pull ad spending his campaign had earmarked for Michigan, Wisconsin, and Colorado, and push it into Florida, Virginia, Indiana, and Missouri. In a recent report covering the week of Sept. 28 to Oct. 4 by the Wisconsin Advertising Project at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, which monitors political ad spending and content, Obama outspent McCain and the RNC by more than 3 to 1 in Florida, and 8 to 1 in North Carolina.

Obama's financial advantage is making it difficult for McCain's campaign even to find ad inventory in premium programming slots in key media markets like Tampa and Jacksonville in Florida, Cleveland and Columbus in Ohio, and Harrisburg and Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania. "So they have to resort in many cases to advertising in programs with lower rating points, and that means you reach fewer people," says Dumbarton.

Obama also has been able to play a two-front media war against McCain, running both positive ads and attack ads. McCain has often chosen his battles week by week. For instance, in the week that preceded the last Presidential debate, 100% of McCain's ads were negative, according to the Wisconsin Advertising Project. Since then, after seeing a dip in the polling, McCain's campaign launched new positive ad messages, but attack ads still represent a majority of the ads running. During the same period, one-third of Obama's ads were negative.

Making it even tougher on McCain and the RNC is that Obama has been able to spend millions on relatively cheap Internet advertising, and even a small amount on video games, to reach the younger voters who are the heart of his base. McCain's biggest group, on the other hand, are seniors, and it costs much more to reach them in more traditional TV buys such as news, game shows, and soap operas.
Down-Ticket Races

Obama's fundraising advantage has also been a boon to the Democratic National Committee, which hasn't had to buttress Obama's ad buys with its own money the way the Republican National Committee has had to with the McCain campaign. That has allowed the DNC to better coordinate with the Democrats' House and Senate election committees and send its money into markets where there are hotly contested House and Senate races, and to help make the difference in races that have drawn closer. That's true in the Fourth District of Connecticut, where Republican Representative Christopher Shays suddenly looks vulnerable to challenger Jim Himes, and in Minnesota's Sixth District, where Republican Representative Michele Bachmann is dropping in the polls and opponent Elwyn Tinklenberg has received more than $1 million in new donations and an infusion of cash from the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee.

According to ad monitoring firm TNS/CMAG, McCain spent $9.4 million on ads in key battleground states the week of Oct. 12, and is spending more than that this week. McCain has moved his buys into the expensive media market of Washington, D.C., where he can reach suburbs in Northern Virginia as he tries to make up some ground in an attempt to keep Virginia a red state. The RNC is spending about $1 million a day between now and Nov. 4 on pro-Republican/anti-Democrat ads that help McCain in his key areas.

Meantime, Obama has budgeted at least $30 million in TV ads in contested states in the final two weeks. That is, in part, a function of there not being much ad time left to buy during worthwhile programming in those areas. That still leaves tens of millions of dollars available for Obama to spend on get-out-the-vote efforts in the states he needs, as well as closing the gap in states where McCain is ahead but vulnerable, such as West Virginia and Nevada.

Investing: The Pros' Crisis PlaybookInvesting: The Pros' Crisis Playbook

Talk to investment strategists about where to place equity bets over the next six to 12 months and they turn squeamish. Most admit they can't tell how long or deep the recession will be, or how risk-averse investors will continue to be after the heavy blows they've absorbed in the stock market downturn.

Some will tell you there are few compelling buying opportunities in the near term, while others, rather than admit to pessimism, doubt, or the failure of diversified asset allocation, emphasize moves for patient investors. Patience, in this case, is for those who can afford to not see a positive return on their investment any time soon.

Since the investing world has been turned upside down in the crisis—with volatile market swings a near-daily occurrence, including a 514-point drop in the Dow Jones industrial average on Oct. 22—BusinessWeek decided to check back with financial pros we have spoken with in the past to get their take on the current situation. Deciding which investment gurus to tap for this story wasn't simple, given how overly optimistic market pros' predictions were for 2008, even among those forecasters who have proved the most reliable in the past.
Another Leg Down?

Rob Arnott, chairman of Newport Beach (Calif.)-based Research Affiliates, an investment management firm that licenses ideas to companies like Pimco, says he wouldn't be surprised if there's another leg down in this bear market. The stocks that have held up best through the turmoil and carnage—growth-oriented names in the technology, telecommunications, and health-care industries—likely have yet to fully reflect the risks that lie ahead, he thinks.

"If we're in the early stages of a recession, then presumably we're in the late stages of a bear market," he says. "Within the next six to 12 months, we will see outright capitulation in the growth sectors. That will set the stage for a bull market." He doubts the housing market will hit a bottom until 2010, by which time the economy will already be on the road to recovery.

The heavy selling that's been seen in recent weeks typically drives the faint-hearted out of the market, leaving only those committed to gains over the long term, says Bruce McCain, chief investment strategist at Key Private Bank (KEY) in Cleveland. But as was the case in the early 1930s, the challenges facing the financial system could end up being fairly benign or could turn out to be very serious. That will depend on whether the government policy response can avoid some of the mistakes made nearly 80 years ago. In the near term, McCain predicts stocks will try to rally before re-testing the lows from early October.
Some Expecting Yearend Rally

For signs of recovery, he says he would want to see selling volume drying up on any retest of the previous lows. If the market doesn't break to new lows, he says he would expect investor sentiment to improve and enable the market to begin an uptrend, but he thinks any progress in stock values will be rather slow and steady. "As long as we see that evolving and as long as the system doesn't start to fall apart more seriously at the economic level, we can define what the next year should look like," he says.

Some market strategists are predicting a yearend rally that could start as soon as early November, based on how oversold equities have gotten, but they don't expect any uptrend to be sustained beyond yearend with a longer and deeper-than-usual recession expected.

Barry Ritholtz, chief market strategist at Ritholtz Research & Analytics , describes the current stock market as a "plasma market," a reference to the abnormal state of matter once it's been superheated and the usual rules of physics give way to the rules of quantum mechanics. In the midst of a global credit freeze, all of the usual rules about market fundamentals, technical trading patterns, and what works when the markets are in defensive mode have ceased to hold true, according to Ritholtz. "It's a very different environment, so we're being cautious," he says. "The easy way to do that is to buy indexes, not individual names. That's the opposite of our usual approach. We're usually stock pickers."
Market Could Revisit Lows

Arnott at Research Affiliates says he's not ready to turn bullish on stocks yet but believes there will eventually be good opportunities in value sectors that have been bludgeoned, such as financial services. "We don't know which ones will be next on the chopping block, but we can say with confidence that with each failure, the competitive landscape improves," he says.

Regardless of what the government's quarterly economic growth reports say, Ritholtz believes the U.S. has been in a fairly mild recession for a year, one that is already priced into stocks. "What we don't know is whether a worse recession is priced into stocks," he says. The market could revisit the lows from early October and possibly break through them, but he's betting on a broad-based rally that could take the S&P 500 index up 10% to 15% with very little stimulation.

William Nobrega, managing partner of the Conrad Group, an investment advisory firm in Miami, believes that heavy equipment makers such as Caterpillar (CAT) and Deere (DE) will do well, due to strong foreign sales and impending infrastructure investments in the U.S. that could total as much as $150 billion in 2009 alone. Renewable energy outfits like Johnson Controls (JCI) and environmental-services companies like Waste Management (WMI) are also good bets, he says.
Lack of Visibility

Manny Govil, a fund manager at San Francisco-based RS Investments who manages the $700 million RS Large-Cap Alpha Fund (called the RS Core Equity Fund until Oct. 15) is one of the few who see lots of potential in equities specifically because of the lack of visibility about the direction of the economy and the strength of the financial system. But he's focusing on individual names rather than broad sectors. The main reason he's steering clear of traditionally defensive sectors such as consumer staples: The valuations aren't low enough to suggest sufficient expansion once the economy begins to recover. He's looking for companies that are as likely to hold up well during an economic downturn as perform well once a recovery begins.

His favorite pick right now is McDonald's (MCD), whose 2008 earnings are expected to grow between 15% and 20% from last year and between 5% and 10% in 2009, while profitability for most companies is declining. He sees the fast-food giant benefiting from a drop in commodity prices, solid same-store sales growth, and an increase in franchisee-owned stores. "Outside the U.S., they've been selling company-owned stores to local entrepreneurs, who can generally market things better because they're better tied into the local markets," he says. And the profit margins on franchise stores, which give a percentage of earnings to the company, tend to be higher than for company-owned stores, he adds.

He also likes Republic Services (RSG), the third-largest trash hauling company in the U.S., but in his view the best managed among the big three. Trash collectors are more resilient than normal cyclical companies and don't rely on a robust economy, and have some pricing power due to the consolidation that's taken place in the past 20 years. Republic will also benefit from lower fuel prices and may garner cost savings as a result of a recent merger, according to to Govil.
"Bargains for Patient Investors"

Consumer staple stocks such as Procter & Gamble (PG) and Coca-Cola (KO) are attractive investments, not only for their fairly low valuations but their annual dividend growth, says Tom McManus, chief investment strategist at Wachovia Securities (WB) in St. Louis. Procter & Gamble, trading at nearly 13.7 times next year's earnings, is down 17% on the year and has held up compared with stocks that are down as much as 50% to 70%, he says. McManus says P&G's 6.2% dividend yield doesn't sound that impressive compared to other high-yielding stocks, but the company has boosted its annual cash payout an average of 12% over the last five years, thanks to profit growth driven by its focus on international markets. Coke is selling at 13.6 times estimated 2009 earnings and its annual dividend has grown by an average of 11.5% over the last five years.

"These are not tremendous bargains but they're bargains for patient investors who will take advantage of the fact that the broad market is down but the economy hasn't put extreme pressure on these companies," says McManus.

But those who aren't so confident about what the future holds may prefer to take a tip from Laszlo Birinyi, president of Birinyi Associates, in Westport, Conn., who says, "If you make any significant moves [within the next year], you're either guessing or hoping."

Given how quickly markets can change direction, he suggests that people be a little more aggressive in taking profits on stocks they currently own while staying in positions by buying back shares of those same stocks on dips. "You don't want to be out of the market," he says.

Economic Woes Weigh on Stocks

U.S. stocks were indicated to open lower Thursday as major index futures fell in premarket trading, following a steep slide in the previous session. on Globex. A report that showed weekly initial jobless Claims rose 15,000 to 478,000 added to arguments the U.S. economy is sliding into a steep recession that is becoming global.

Former Fderal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan is seen calling for more financial regulation at a House hearing Thursday on housing and the financial crisis. Meanwhile, the Bush administration is considering a $40 billion program to forestall housing foreclosures, according to a press report.

The dollar index was up at a two-year high as the worsening global economic outlook is prompting investors to liquidate risky assets. Bonds were also higher. Gold futures continued their descent. Oil futures were of before Friday's OPEC meeting.

European stocks were lower Thursday. In Asia, markets suffered more selling, with Tokyo stocks falling 2.46%, Hong Kong down 3.55%, and Shanghai lower by 1.07%.

U.S. stocks fell to their lowest levels in more than five years Wednesday amid worries about a serious economic slowdown not only in the U.S. but worldwide. On Wednesday, the Dow Jones Industrial Average tumbled 514.45 points, or 5.69%, to 8,519.21. The broad S&P 500 shed 58.27 points, or 6.1%, to 896.78. The tech-heavy Nasdaq composite fell 80.93 points, or 4.77%, to end at 1,615.75.

Lawmakers have called key players from the past and present to congressional hearings in an effort to find out what caused the biggest financial crisis since the 1930s and determine how the government plans to get the nation out of the mess. Former Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan, the star witness today before the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, faces questions about actions the government took or didn't take that might have contributed to the boom in subprime mortgages and the subsequent housing market collapse that has led to the loss of billions of dollars in investments, according to AP.

Greenspan, who was succeeded in 2006 by Ben Bernanke, was likely to find himself defending actions he took that are being blamed for contributing to the current crisis. Critics charge that he left interest rates too low in the early part of this decade, spurring an unsustainable housing boom, while also refusing to exercise the Fed's powers to impose greater regulations on the issuance of new types of mortgages, including subprime loans. It was the collapse of these mortgages and rising defaults a year ago that triggered the current crisis.

Greenspan recently described the current episode as the type of wrenching financial crisis that comes along only once in a century. He has defended the use of derivatives, so-named because their value is derived from the value of an underlying asset. He said they were useful in helping to spread risks.

Greenspan called for tighter regulation of financial companies, distancing himself from the free-market culture that he helped to create. Firms that bundle loans into securities for sale should be required to keep part of those securities, Greenspan said in prepared testimony to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Bloomberg reported on his testimony. Other rules should address fraud and settlement of trades, he said. Greenspan's office released the text ahead of the hearing scheduled for 10 a.m. EDT in Washington.

Paul Volcker, Greenspan's predecessor, said at a New York conference Wednesday that "We are really going to have to rebuild this system from the ground up." Volcker said the creation of complex financial products "instead of spreading the risk and creating transparency" wound up concentrating risk and "opaqueness." Volcker, 81, said the current crisis is more complex than any other in U.S. history.

House Financial Services Committee Chairman Barney Frank called this week for a freeze on executive bonuses and other stronger regulation of Wall Street, following passage of a $700 billion rescue plan for financial institutions. Frank said in a hearing in February that Greenspan "erred" in "his view that regulation was almost never required." Greenspan "often told us" that there were two options: "I can either deflate the entire economy or I can let the problems continue," Frank said. SEC Chairman Christopher Cox and former Treasury Secretary John Snow are also scheduled to appear at the House committee hearing today.

Meanwhile, Neel Kashkari, the interim head of the government's $700 billion rescue effort, and other government officials are scheduled to testify before the Senate Banking Committee about their plans for implementing the massive program. Lawmakers in particular want government officials to explain why the emphasis in the rescue package has switched from a program that initially was aimed at buying billions of dollars of troubled mortgage-related assets from banks as a way to spur them to resume more normal lending. A week ago, Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson announced that the program now would have as a major component the purchase by the government of $250 billion in stock in hundreds of U.S. banks, including $125 billion that would go to nine of the largest institutions.

Paulson has said that the fast-moving nature of the crisis convinced him that money needed to get out more quickly as a way to encourage banks to start lending again. But questions have been raised about whether the huge infusion of government money will actually spur more lending, especially after several banks have said they planned to employ the new capital to help finance purchases of weaker rivals.

The Bush administration is weighing a roughly $40 billion proposal to help forestall housing foreclosures, one of a series of ideas under consideration to address the root causes of the financial crisis according to a Wall Street Journal report. FDIC Chairman Sheila Bair is expected to suggest at a Senate Banking Committee hearing today the government give banks a financial incentive to turn troubled loans into more-affordable mortgages, the paper said citing a person familiar with her testimony.

In economic news Thursday, U.S. initial jobless claims jumped 15,000 to 478,000 in the week ended Oct. 18, from a revised 463,000 the week before (461,000 previously). The four-week moving average slipped to 480,250 versus 484,750.

U.S. foreclosure activity in September rose 21% from a year earlier but fell by double-digits from the prior month as some state laws slowed the foreclosure process, according to a monthly report by research firm RealtyTrac.

Goldman Sachs (GS) plans to cut about 3,260 jobs, a source familiar with the matter said. That represents about 10% of the total staff of the New York-based bank, the source said. Reuters said the bank has so far suffered the least damage in its peer group in the global financial crisis and it remains the leading adviser to mergers and initial public offerings worldwide. But its transition from an investment bank to a traditional bank holding company means the Federal Reserve will use its new regulatory authority to limit the bank's risk taking and encourage longer-maturity funding. Analysts expect Goldman to shrink businesses in prime brokerage and securitization.

The Swedish Central Bank -- the Riksbank -- lowered its repo rate by 50 bp to 3.75% at today's meeting, a larger cut than the 25 bp consensus forecast. The central bank said the repo rate is likely to be cut by another 50 bp over the next 6 months. The bank has cut rates by 100 bp this month after hiking 25 bp in September. The Riksbank revised down its rate path and now sees the repo rate bottoming around 3.2% by the end of 2009. The Bank revised down its GDP forecast to 1.2% and 0.1% for 2008 and 2009 respectively, from 1.4% and 0.8% in September, while CPI is now expected to average 2.1% next year, compared to a 3.2% forecast earlier.

In other U.S. markets Thursday, Treasury yields continue to roll downhill as the bounce in jobless claims will do little to cure the dark mood hanging over the equity market, says Action Economics. The 10-year yield was down 8 basis points from overnight highs and testing the 3.55% level.

The dollar index was up 0.24 to 85.68.

Energy futures, which were solidly higher overnight, turned mixed as stocks were indicated to open lower. December West Texas Intermediate crude oil futures, which hit a $68.50 high earlier, were up 19 cents to $66.94 per barrel. Volatile trading was expected as OPEC officials arrived in Vienna for Friday's special meeting. The cartel is expected to reduce production to stem a steep decline in prices the past three months, with the consensus forecast calling for a cut of 1 million barrels. But Iran is pushing for a 2 million barrel cut.

December gold futures were off $24.50 to $710.70 per ounce as the dollar index rose against sterling and the euro. Action Economics reports broad based deleveraging by Asian fund names and short term investors. The move was in line with losses in other base metals and commodities as fears over the global growth outlook continued to encourage selling pressure.

Among Thursday's stocks in the news, Amazon.com (AMZN) reported third-quarter EPS of 27 cents, vs. 19 cents one year earlier, on a 31% sales rise. The company sees fourth-quarter operating income between $145-$305 million (-46% to +13% year-over-year) on sales of $6-$7 billion (+6% to +23%). Amazon now expects 2008 operating income of $716-$876 million on sales of $18.46-$19.46 billion.

Amgen (AMGN) reported third-quarter adjusted EPS of $1.23, vs. $1.08 one year earlier, on a 7% total revenue rise. GAAP EPS was $1.09; reflecting write-offs of $590 million of acquired in-process R&D. Amgen raised its 2008 revenue guidance to $14.9-$15.2 billion from $14.6-$14.9 billion, and adjusted EPS to $4.45-$4.55 from $4.25-$4.45.

Potash Corp. (POT) reported third-quarter EPS of $3.93 vs. 75 cents one year earlier, on sharply higher sales. Using a locked in C$/US$ exchange rate of $1.10, Potash expects 2008 EPS to be at the low end of the company's previously provided guidance range, with possible variance of 2% in either direction.

Allstate Corp. (ALL) reported a third-quarter operating loss of 35 cents per share, vs. $1.54 operating EPS one year earlier, on a 19% revenue decline and $1.8 billion in catastrophe losses. Wall Street was looking for 72 cents EPS. The company suspended its $2 billion stock buyback plan.

United Parcel Service (UPS) posted third-quarter EPS of 96 cents, vs. $1.05 one year earlier, as higher operating expenses offset a 7.4% revenue rise. Wall Street was looking for 89 cents EPS in the third quarter. UPS said it anticipates a challenging environment for a number of quarters going forward, and believes the U.S. consumer will be very conservative with spending this year. UPS still expects 2008 EPS will be toward the lower end of the $3.50-$3.70 range provided mid-year.

Altria Group (MO) posted third-quarter adjusted EPS from operations of 46 cents, vs. 40 cents one year earlier, on a 5% revenue rise. The company reaffirmed its 2008 adjusted EPS from continuing operations guidance of $1.63-$1.67.

Dow Chemical (DOW) posted third-quarter EPS of 46 cents, vs. 42 cents one year earlier, on a 13% sales rise. The company posted 60 cents third quarter EPS excluding certain items. Wall Street was looking for 57 cents. Dow says it's well positioned to weather this increasingly difficult economic downturn, as it has a strong balance sheet, and is accelerating its focus on what it can control, namely costs and capital, asset restructuring, and other interventions.

Starwood Hotels & Resorts (HOT) posted third-quarter EPS before special items of 71 cents, vs. 68 cents one year earlier, on flat revenues. The company notes margins at Starwood branded same-store owned hotels worldwide and in North America decreased 208 and 151 basis points, respectively, vs. the year-earlier quarter. The company sees EPS before special items of 36-42 cents for the fourth quarter and $2.07-$2.13 for 2008. It said that given significant uncertainty in the global economy, it is very difficult to provide any definitive guidance looking out four quarters, but Starwood did forecast $1.55 2009 EPS.

Xerox Corp. (XRX) posted third-quarter EPS of 29 cents, vs. 27 cents one year earlier, on a 2% revenue rise. The company said it will take a pre-tax restructuring charge of approximately $400 million, or 31 cents a share, in the fourth quarter to accelerate its cost-reduction activities on a global basis. Excluding the charge, Xerox sees fourth-quarter non-GAAP EPS of 34-36 cents. The company believes operational efficiencies it will gain from restructuring actions in the fourth quarter will position it to deliver double-digit EPS growth in 2009.

Eli Lilly (LLY) posted third-quarter pro forma non-GAAP EPS of $1.04, vs. 91 cents one year earlier, on a 14% sales rise. Lilly posted a 43-cent third-quarter loss per share when including $1.477 billion in charges related to pending Zyprexa investigations. Excluding significant items, the company raised its its 2008 pro forma non-GAAP EPS guidance to $3.97-$4.02 from $3.85-$4.00.